COVID-19 And The Informal Sector In South Africa: Lessons, Challenges And Benefits

Marry Selosebe Malemela (1), Modupi Selepe (2)
(1) Department of Public Administration, University of Limpopo, South Africa,
(2) Department of Public Administration University of Limpopo, South Africa

Abstract

This paper examines the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on informal trading in South Africa. This paper argues that the phenomenon of unemployment has always been a factor that pushes people to become informal traders, pre and post-COVID-19 outbreak in South Africa. However, as far as Covid-19 could have posed critical to the nation’s economy, this paper further asserts that the covid-19 brought major positive contributions to the citizenry, organizations and institutions in South Africa.  COVID-19 is said to have originated in China, and Wuhan in the year 2019 and later spread out across the globe to many countries and South Africa is not an exception.  The COVID-19 outbreak has forced the South African government to impose strict lockdown regulations to curb the spread. The outbreak of COVID-19 has, inter alia, influenced an increase in the unemployment rate and number of informal traders. Informal trading is the new norm in the post-COVID-19 era since different economic sectors were affected. Methodologically, this paper is conceptual in nature and it relies heavily on the existing literature to contribute to knowledge production with the discourse of the informal economy. The paper recommends that the South African government should come up with workable policies that will be effective even after the outbreak of any unforeseen circumstance like COVID-19. In essence, contingency plans must be in place and should be implemented timely. Workable policies can only be reached if informal traders become part of planning, decision making and implementations in the policy formulation process.   

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Abidah, A., Hidaayatullaah, H. N., Simamora, R. M., Fehabutar, D., Mutakinati, L., & Suprapto, N. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 to Indonesian education and its relation to the philosophy of "Merdeka Belajar". Studies in Philosophy of Science and Education, 1(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.46627/sipose.v1i1.9

Abor, J., & Quartey, P. (2010). Issues in SME development in Ghana and South Africa. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 39(6), 215–228.

Adhikari, s.r. and raut, n.k., 2024. size of informal economy in Nepal.

Aigbavboa, S. V. (2022). An assessment of informal trading operations in Krugersdorp Central Business District, South Africa (Doctoral dissertation, University of Johannesburg).

Akullian, A., Vandormael, A., Miller, J. C., Bershteyn, A., Wenger, E., Cuadros, D., ... & Tanser, F. (2021). Large age shifts in HIV-1 incidence patterns in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(28), e2013164118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013164118

Alcock, G. G. (2018). Kasinomic revolution: The rise of African informal economies. Jonathan Ball Publishers.

Aliber, M. (2015). The importance of informal finance in promoting decent work among informal operators: A comparative study of Uganda and India. International Labour Office, Social Finance Programme-Geneva: ILO (Social Finance Working Paper, 66).

Altman, M. (2022). Trajectories for South African employment after COVID-19. South African Journal of Science, 118(5–6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2022/13289

Amoako, J. (2019). Women's occupational health and safety in the informal economy: Maternal market traders in Accra, Ghana.

Arshed, N., Meo, M. S., & Farooq, F. (2020). Empirical assessment of government policies and flattening of the COVID-19 curve. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(4), e2333.

Awuni, E. T., Malerba, D., & Never, B. (2023). Understanding vulnerability to poverty, COVID-19's effects, and implications for social protection: Insights from Ghana. Progress in Development Studies, 23(3), 246–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/14649934231162463

Bain, L., Gray, B., & Rodgers, D. (2012). Living streets: Strategies for crafting public space. John Wiley & Sons.

Banu, N., Sk, R., Mustaquim, M., Ali, M. K., Sarkar, R., & Mandal, S. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on livelihoods of informal workers in Kolkata: From a sustainable livelihood perspective. GeoJournal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-023-10977-5

Bem, A. R., Ngutor, A., & Mshiaondo, J. T. (2024). Effect of fringe benefits on employee commitment in Oracle Business Limited, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Wukari International Studies Journal, 8(1), 90–101.

Benchrif, A., Wheida, A., Tahri, M., Shubbar, R. M., & Biswas, B. (2021). Air quality during three COVID-19 lockdown phases: AQI, PM2.5 and NO2 assessment in cities with more than 1 million inhabitants. Sustainable Cities and Society, 74, 103170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103170

Bewiadzi Akakpo, S. (2022). Informal trade routes and security along the Aflao-Lomé border region (Ghana-Togo). Journal of Borderlands Studies, 37(2), 317–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2021.2013294

Cinner, J. E., & Bodin, Ö. (2010). Livelihood diversification in tropical coastal communities: A network-based approach to analyzing 'livelihood landscapes.' PLOS ONE, 5(8), e11999. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011999

Chadambuka, R. A. (2021). Exploring informal cross-border trading and poverty reduction in Harare (Doctoral dissertation).

Chikovore, E. S., & Maharaj, P. (2023). Escaping poverty in Zimbabwe: Experiences of informal traders in South Africa. In Migrant Traders in South Africa (pp. 85–106). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21151-5_4

Chirisa, I., Mutambisi, T., Chivenge, M., Mabaso, E., Matamanda, A.R. and Ncube, R., 2020. The urban penalty of COVID-19 lockdowns across the globe: manifestations and lessons for Anglophone sub-Saharan Africa. GeoJournal, pp.1-14.

Christodoulopoulou, S., & Kouvavas, O. (2022). Wages, compositional effects and the business cycle. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4055749

Cohen, J., & van der Meulen Rodgers, Y. (2020). Contributing factors to personal protective equipment shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. Preventive Medicine, 141, 106263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106263

Dafuleya, G. (2018). (Non) state and (in) formal social protection in Africa: Focusing on burial societies. International Social Work, 61(1), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872815611196

Davidson, N. M. (2016). Localist administrative law. Yale Law Journal, 126, 564.

De, U. K. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: Integrated production activities and trade promotion as a policy option. COVID-19, 37.

Dell’Anno, R., (2022). Theories and definitions of the informal economy: A survey. Journal of Economic Surveys. 36:1610–1643.

De Vos, P. (2013). Balancing independence and accountability: The role of Chapter 9 institutions in South Africa's constitutional democracy. https://doi.org/10.18356/055d2677-en

Di Nola, A., Kaas, L. and Wang, H., 2023. Rescue policies for small businesses in the COVID-19 recession. Review of economic dynamics, 51.579-603.

Du Plessis, M., Jansen van Vuuren, C. D., Simons, A., Frantz, J., Roman, N., & Andipatin, M. (2022). South African higher education institutions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic: Sense-making and lessons learnt. Frontiers in Education, 6, 740016. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.740016

Duncan, C. L. (2020). Townships to CBD: The project of ten informal traders in the formal economy of Cape Town, Western Cape.

Dolan, C., & Rajak, D. (2018). Remaking Africa's informal economies: Youth, entrepreneurship, and the promise of inclusion at the bottom of the pyramid. In Globalization, Economic Inclusion and African Workers (pp. 52–67). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315436494-9

Djalante, R., Nurhidayah, L., Van Minh, H., Phuong, N. T. N., Mahendradhata, Y., Trias, A., Lassa, J., & Miller, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 and ASEAN responses: Comparative policy analysis. Progress in Disaster Science, 8, 100129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100129

Dzawanda, B., Nicolau, M.D. and Matsa, M., 2021, December. Impact of virtual cash economy on livelihood outcomes of informal cross border traders in Gweru, Zimbabwe. In Urban Forum (Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 521-539). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Ekong, A. E., & Michael, O. B. (2023). Assessing the awareness, attitude, and practice of liquefied petroleum gas station workers to fire emergency response in Ikotun, Lagos, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 17(12), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2023/v17i12584

Etim, E. and Daramola, O., 2020. The informal sector and economic growth of South Africa and Nigeria: A comparative systematic review. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(4), p.134.

Essajee, A. A. (2022). Transport node markets: A study of emerging relationships between Matatu stages and informal markets (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).

Evelina, T. Y., Kusumawati, A., & Nimran, U. (2020). The influence of utilitarian value, hedonic value, social value, and perceived risk on customer satisfaction: Survey of e-commerce customers in Indonesia. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(2), 613–622. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.12143

Fourie, E. (2018). Finding innovative solutions to extend labor law and social protection to vulnerable workers in the informal economy (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University).

Frantzen, E. (2019). The powers and authority of directors to act on behalf of a company under South African law (Master’s thesis). University of South Africa.

Fubah, C.N. and Moos, M., 2022. Exploring COVID-19 challenges and coping mechanisms for SMEs in the South African entrepreneurial ecosystem. Sustainability, 14(4), p.1944.

Godfrey, P. C. (2011). Toward a theory of the informal economy. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 231–277. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2011.585818

Golub, S. (2015). Informal cross-border trade and smuggling in Africa. In Handbook on trade and development (pp. 179–209). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781005316.00016

Hart, K. (2015). How the informal economy took over the world. In Informal market worlds reader: The architecture of economic pressure (pp. 33–44).

Hager, P., & Halliday, J. (2007). Recovering informal learning: Wisdom, judgement, and community (Vol. 7). Springer Science & Business Media.

Hawkins, J. (2011). Regulating on the fringe: Reexamining the link between fringe banking and financial distress. Indiana Law Journal, 86, 1361.

Hill, J., Mchiza, Z., Puoane, T., & Steyn, N. P. (2019). The development of an evidence-based street food vending model within a socioecological framework: A guide for African countries. PLOS ONE, 14(10), e0223535. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223535

Hlatshwayo, M. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown level 5 on workers: 35 days that shook workers of South Africa. South African Review of Sociology, 52(3), 22–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/21528586.2022.2153164

Holroyd, E., Long, N. J., Appleton, N. S., Davies, S. G., Deckert, A., Fehoko, E., Laws, M., Martin-Anatias, N., Simpson, N., Sterling, R., & Trnka, S. (2022). Community healthcare workers' experiences during and after COVID-19 lockdown: A qualitative study from Aotearoa New Zealand. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30(5), e2761–e2771. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13720

Honey-Rosés, J., Anguelovski, I., Chireh, V. K., Daher, C., Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C., Litt, J. S., Mawani, V., McCall, M. K., Orellana, A., Oscilowicz, E., & Sánchez, U. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on public space: An early review of the emerging questions—Design, perceptions, and inequities. Cities & Health, 5(sup1), S263–S279. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074

Howard, J., Jones, M., & Sakyi-Dawson, O. (2020). Linking formal and informal financial intermediaries in Ghana: A way to increase women's access to financial services? In Women and Credit (pp. 271–294). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003103233-20

Jamela, T. (2013). Experiences and coping strategies of women informal cross-border traders in unstable political and economic conditions: The case of Bulawayo (Zimbabwe) traders (Doctoral dissertation). University of Johannesburg, South Africa.

Jili, N. N., Masuku, M. M., & Selepe, B. M. (2017). SMMEs promoting local economic development (LED) in uMlalazi Local Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(1), 1–10.

Johs-Artisensi, J. L., Hawes, F. M., & Creapeau, L. J. (2023). Silver linings: A qualitative analysis of nursing home innovations accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 46(2), 77–105. https://doi.org/10.37808/jhhsa.46.2.1

Jombe, M. K., & Pretorius, M. (2022). Direct and indirect impacts of business rescue on employment. Journal of Contemporary Management, 19(2), 269–297. https://doi.org/10.35683/jcm21058.167

Jonathan, L.A., 2018. Urban Planning principles as mechanisms for improving informal trading opportunities: A case study of inner-city Johannesburg.

Kamete, A. Y. (2013). On handling urban informality in southern Africa. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 95(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/geob.12007

Kabonga, I., Zvokuomba, K., & Nyagadza, B. (2021). The challenges faced by young entrepreneurs in informal trading in Bindura, Zimbabwe. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 56(8), 1780–1794. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909621990850

Kassa, M. D., & Grace, J. M. (2020). Race against death or starvation? COVID-19 and its impact on African populations. Public Health Reviews, 41, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-020-00139-0

Khetan, A. K., Yusuf, S., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Szuba, A., Orlandini, A., Mat-Nasir, N., Oguz, A., Gupta, R., Avezum, A., Rosnah, I., & Poirier, P. (2022). Variations in the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across 5 continents: A cross-sectional, individual-level analysis. EClinicalMedicine, 44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101284

Khambule, I. (2022). COVID-19 and the informal economy in a small town in South Africa: Governance implications in the post-COVID era. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 2078528. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2078528

Kiaka, R., Chikulo, S., Slootheer, S., & Hebinck, P. (2021). "The street is ours": A comparative analysis of street trading, Covid-19, and new street geographies in Harare, Zimbabwe, and Kisumu, Kenya. Food Security, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01162-y

Klug, H. (2010). The constitution of South Africa: A contextual analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509955602

Kushitor, S. B., Alimohammadi, S., & Currie, P. (2022). Narrative explorations of the role of the informal food sector in food flows and sustainable transitions during the COVID-19 lockdown. PLOS Sustainability and Transformation, 1(12), e0000038. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000038

Leighton, K., Kardong-Edgren, S., Jones, A., & Reedy, G. (2022). Sidelined during COVID-19: A narrative inquiry into how simulationists experienced the pandemic. Advances in Simulation, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41077-021-00196-8

Letaifa, S. B. (2016). How social entrepreneurship emerges, develops, and internationalizes during political and economic transitions. European Journal of International Management, 10(4), 455–466. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2016.077424

Lethugile, G. (2020). Encountering city governance: An analysis of street trading in Gaborone, Botswana.

Letsiri, K. (2020). Extending labour law protection to informal traders (Doctoral dissertation). University of Johannesburg, South Africa.

Luke, D., Masila, G., & Sommer, L. (2020). Informal traders: A balancing act of survival. African Bus, 1–8.

Manjokoto, C., & Ranga, D. (2018). Opportunities and challenges faced by women involved in informal cross-border trade in the city of Mutare during a prolonged economic crisis in Zimbabwe. In Women's Economic Empowerment in the Indian Ocean Region (pp. 25–39). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351216708-3

Marjit, S., & Kar, S. (2011). The outsiders: Economic reform and informal labour in a developing economy. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198071495.001.0001

Maroukis, T., Iglicka, K., & Gmaj, K. (2011). Irregular migration and informal economy in Southern and Central?Eastern Europe: Breaking the vicious cycle? International Migration, 49(5), 129–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00709.x

Mattoo, A., & Mishra, D. (2009). Foreign professionals in the United States: Regulatory impediments to trade. Journal of International Economic Law, 12(2), 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgp019

Meagher, K. (2010). Identity economics: Social networks & the informal economy in Nigeria (Vol. 25). Boydell & Brewer Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781846157905

MacKenzie, D. (2017). A material political economy: Automated trading desk and price prediction in high-frequency trading. Social Studies of Science, 47(2), 172–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312716676900

Mishi, S., Tshabalala, N., Anakpo, G., & Matekenya, W. (2023). COVID-19 experiences and coping strategies: The case of differently sized businesses in South Africa. Sustainability, 15(10), 8016. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108016

Medani, K. M. (2022). Black markets and militants: Informal networks in the Middle East and Africa. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009257749

Mehta, A. M., Ali, A., Saleem, H., Qamruzzaman, M., & Khalid, R. (2021). The effect of technology and open innovation on women-owned small and medium enterprises in Pakistan. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(3), 411–422.

Mondal, M., & Chakraborty, C. (2022). The analysis of unparalleled struggle for existence of urban women informal workers in West Bengal, India, for survival and resilience to COVID-19 pandemic risk. GeoJournal, 87(Suppl 4), 607–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10620-9

Moyo, B., & Ndlovu, N. (2023). Examining the challenges and survival strategies of the informal sector during COVID-19 induced lockdowns and restrictions in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.

Mishrif, A., & Khan, A. (2023). Technology adoption as a survival strategy for small and medium enterprises during COVID-19. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-023-00317-9

Mlambo, V. H., & Khuzwayo, N. N. (2021). COVID-19, food insecurity, and a government response: Reflections from South Africa. Technium Soc. Sci. J., 19, 1.

Musiyandaka, T.H., 2019. Understanding the livelihoods of Zimbabwean informal traders in South Africa: The case of Makhanda.

Msipa, D. (2016). The right to work and employment in Southern Africa. African Disability Rights Yearbook, 4, 283.

Muchuweni-Chiumira, M. (2019). Informal trading in South Africa: The experiences of African informal migrant traders operating in Pretoria Central (Master’s dissertation). Department of Social Work, University of the Witwatersrand.

Mwasinga, B. (2013). Assessing the implications of local governance on street trading: A case of Cape Town's Inner City.

Mwipopo, D. (2022). Capacity of local government authorities in governing inner-city petty trading in Dodoma (Doctoral dissertation). Ardhi University.

Nanfuka, E. K., & Kyaddondo, D. (2022). Making improvisations, reconfiguring livelihoods: Surviving the COVID-19 lockdown by urban residents in Uganda. COVID, 2(12), 1666–1688. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid2120120

Naseer, S., Khalid, S., Parveen, S., Abbass, K., Song, H., & Achim, M. V. (2023). COVID-19 outbreak: Impact on global economy. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1009393. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1009393

Nayam, K. T. (2021). Coping mechanism of informal trading enterprises in adverse situation: A case study of street vendors in the Narayanganj City, Bangladesh (Doctoral dissertation). Brac University.

Nguimkeu, P., & Okou, C. (2021). Leveraging digital technologies to boost productivity in the informal sector in Sub?Saharan Africa. Review of Policy Research, 38(6), 707–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12441

Nguyen, A. W. (2022). Sociodemographic correlates of sleep among older African American men and women. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 41(1), 33–62.

Nodangala, N. Z., & Masumbe, P. S. (2023). A narrative of Marikana tragedy against right to life and right to human dignity under the South African constitution. https://doi.org/10.38159/ehass.202341012

Uctu, R., & Eksteen, K. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of financing the biotechnology industry in South Africa. The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 24(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.57229/2373-1761.1430

Ramsuraj, T. (2020). The impact of eThekwini Municipality policies on informal traders: A case study of the northern regions of eThekwini (Doctoral dissertation). Durban University of Technology.

Ringson, J., & Raniga, T. (2022). The implications of COVID-19 on informal trading in Gauteng, South Africa. African Journal of Governance & Development, 11(1.2), 307–327. https://doi.org/10.36369/2616-9045/2022/v11si2a6

Roever, S. (2016). Informal trade meets informal governance: Street vendors and legal reform in India, South Africa, and Peru. Cityscape, 18(1), 27–46.

Roever, S. (2014). Informal economy monitoring study sector report: Street vendors. Cambridge, MA, USA: WIEGO.

Romanello, M. (2022). Covid-19 and the informal sector. In Covid-19 and International Development (pp. 89–102). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82339-9_7

Ru, T. S. (2020). Barriers to integrating technological solutions among traditional businesses: Lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic and its impact on Singaporean hawkers (Doctoral dissertation). Singapore University of Technology and Design.

Samtani, S. (2020). International law, access to courts, and non-retrogression: Law Society v. President of the Republic of South Africa. Constitutional Court Review, 10(1), 197–225. https://doi.org/10.2989/CCR.2020.0008

Selepe, M. (2019). Challenges faced by local municipalities in controlling informal traders: The case of Polokwane Local Municipality. International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA).

Shafi, M., Liu, J., & Ren, W. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises operating in Pakistan. Research in Globalization, 2, 100018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2020.100018

Skinner, C. (2018). Informal-sector policy and legislation in South Africa: Repression, omission, and ambiguity. In Fourie, F. (Ed.), The South Africa's Informal Sector: Creating Jobs, Reducing Poverty.

Singh, S. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic and the formal sector crisis in IT and ITeS. Economic & Political Weekly, 57(14), 43.

Sparks, D. L., & Barnett, S. T. (2010). The informal sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: Out of the shadows to foster sustainable employment and equity? International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v9i5.563

Sriraman, T. (2018). In pursuit of proof: A history of identification documents in India. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199463510.001.0001

Subramanian, A., & Felman, J. (2019). India's great slowdown: What happened? What's the way out?

Orlale, R. A. (2023). Contribution of smallholder informal markets on rural vegetable vendors' households' livelihood in Nyando Sub County, Kisumu County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation). KISII UNIVERSITY.

Olivia, S., Gibson, J., & Nasrudin, R. A. (2020). Indonesia in the time of Covid-19. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 56(2), 143–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2020.1798581

Olivier, L. E., Botha, S., & Craig, I. K. (2020). Optimized lockdown strategies for curbing the spread of COVID-19: A South African case study. IEEE Access, 8, 205755–205765. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3037415

Tanyanyiwa, V. I. (2023). The urban livelihoods of informal sector practitioners in Harare (Doctoral dissertation). University of the Free State.

Takaza, S. C., & Chitereka, C. (2022). An investigation into the livelihood's strategies of informal women traders in Zimbabwe. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-021-00175-3

Tesso, G. (2020). Review of the impact of COVID-19 on economic growth, unemployment and progress out of poverty in Ethiopia.

Piven, F. F., & Cloward, R. (2012). Regulating the poor: The functions of public welfare. Vintage.

Pramod, P. (2023). Street vendors in Kerala-vulnerability, capability, and potentials (Doctoral dissertation). Post Graduate and Research Department of Commerce, Mar Thoma College Chungathara.

Porter, G. (2012). Mobile phones, livelihoods, and the poor in Sub?Saharan Africa: Review and prospect. Geography Compass, 6(5), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2012.00484.x

Qin, Y., Sheng, Q. Z., Falkner, N. J., Dustdar, S., Wang, H., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2016). When things matter: A survey on data-centric internet of things. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 64, 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2015.12.016

van den Boogaard, V. and Beach, R., 2023. Tax and governance in rural areas: The implications of inefficient tax collection. Journal of International Development, 35(7), pp.1892-1912.

Venter, L., Blaauw, D., & Claassen, C. (2024). It was better before COVID: The impact of the social relief of distress grant on the lives and livelihoods of South African day labourers in Tshwane. International Social Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12497

Vom Lehn, D. (2014). Timing is money: Managing the floor in sales interaction at street-market stalls. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(13–14), 1448–1466. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2014.941378

Wilson, J. M., Lee, J., Fitzgerald, H. N., Oosterhoff, B., Sevi, B., & Shook, N. J. (2020). Job insecurity and financial concern during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with worse mental health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(9), 686–691. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001962

Wirba, E.L., Akem, F.A. and Baye, F.M., 2021. Earnings gap between men and women in the informal labor market in Cameroon. Review of Development Economics, 25(3), pp.1466-1491.

Wrigley-Asante, C., & Frimpong, L. K. (2024). Navigating livelihoods in the midst of COVID-19: Experiences of women in informal cross-border trading in Accra, Ghana. South African Geographical Journal, 106(1), 70–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2023.2204852

Wong, A., Holmes, S., & Schaper, M. T. (2018). How do small business owners actually make their financial decisions? Understanding SME financial behaviour using a case-based approach. Small Enterprise Research, 25(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2018.1428909

Worobey, M., 2021. Dissecting the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan. Science, 374(6572), pp.1202-1204.

Yfantís, B. (2024). Cutting-edge computational systems and emerging technologies applied to e-government and virtual environments.

Authors

Marry Selosebe Malemela
Modupi Selepe
modupi.selepe@ul.ac.za (Primary Contact)
Malemela, M. S., & Selepe, M. (2025). COVID-19 And The Informal Sector In South Africa: Lessons, Challenges And Benefits. Innovation Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review, 7(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.36923/ijsser.v7i1.264

Article Details

Smart Citations via scite_
Views
  • Abstract 89195
  • Download PDF 194