Impact of Globalization, Women's Empowerment, and Maternal Health in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
Article Sidebar
-
Globalization, Women's Empowerment, Maternal Health, Sub-Saharan Africa, The GMM Estimator, The LSDV-Corrected Estimator
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of globalization and women's empowerment on maternal health in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study utilizes a dynamic panel model applied to a sample of 37 Sub-Saharan African countries, covering the period from 2000 to 2017. For a more granular analysis, the sample is divided into four regional subgroups. The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator is employed for the overall African context, while the Least Squares Dummy Variable (LSDV) corrected estimator is used for regional analyses. The findings reveal that both foreign direct investment (FDI) and women's empowerment significantly contribute to reducing maternal mortality rates across Sub-Saharan Africa, with distinct effects observed in the West, East, Central, and Southern regions. These results underscore the multifaceted nature of globalization, which now extends beyond the exchange of goods and services to include technological advancements, migration, and broader impacts across various sectors. The study concludes that enhancing women's empowerment and attracting FDI are crucial strategies for improving maternal health outcomes in the region. However, the research also highlights the challenges of accurately measuring the impact of service liberalization on health due to data limitations and the complexities of long-term effects. Implications of this study suggest that policymakers should focus on creating an enabling environment for FDI and promoting gender equality initiatives that empower women. Additionally, there is a need for more comprehensive data collection and long-term studies to better understand the enduring effects of globalization on health outcomes.
Full text article
References
Alam, M.S., Raza, S.A., Shahbaz, M. & Abbas, Q. (2016). Accounting for contribution of trade openness and foreign direct investment in life expectancy: The long-run and short-run analysis in Pakistan. Social Indicators Research, 129(3), 1155–1170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1154-8
Antipova, A. (2021). Analysis of the COVID-19 impacts on employment and unemployment across the multi-dimensional social disadvantaged areas. Social Sciences & Humanities Open. 4(1), 100224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100224
Anyanwu, J. & Erhijakpor, A. (2009). Health Expenditures and Health Outcomes in Africa*. African Development Review. 21(2), 400–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2009.00215.x
Arellano, M. & Bond, S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations. The Review of Economic Studies. 58(2), 277. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
Arthur, E. & Oaikhenan, H.E. (2017). The Effects of Health Expenditure on Health Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): The Effects of Health Expenditure. African Development Review. 29(3), 524–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12287
Asongu, S.A., Efobi, U.R., Tanankem, B.V. & Osabuohien, E.S. (2002). Globalisation and Female Economic Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Gend. Issues. 37(1), 61–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-019-09233-3
Azemar, C. & Desbordes, R. (2009). Public Governance, Health and Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Economies. 18(4), 667–709. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:oup:jafrec:v:18:y:2009:i:4:p:667-709
Beneria, L. (2010). Globalization and Gender: Women’s Labor in the Global Economy, in: Berberoglu, B. (Ed.), Globalization in the 21st Century: Labor, Capital, and the State on a World Scale. Palgrave Macmillan US, New York, pp. 155–176. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230106390_8
Bettcher, D. & Lee, K. (2002). Globalisation and public health. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 56(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.1.8
Bettcher, D.W., Yach, D. & Guindon, G.E. (2000). Global trade and health: key linkages and future challenges. Bull World Health Organ. 78, 521–534.
Boachie, M.K. & Ramu, K. (2017). Public Health Expenditure and Health Outcomes: A Review. International Journal of Management and Development Studies. 6(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.53983/ijmds.v6i1.249
Bourne, P., Sharpe-Pryce, C., Francis, C., Solan, I., Hudson-Davis, A., Campbell-Smith, J. & Coleman, O.W. (2014). Mortality and Inflation: A 21-Year Analysis of Data on Jamaica. J Gen Pract, 2(151), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9126.1000151
Bruno, G.S.F. (2005). Approximating the bias of the LSDV estimator for dynamic unbalanced panel data models. Economics Letters. 87(3), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.01.005
Bun, M.J.G. & Kiviet, J.F. (2003). On the diminishing returns of higher-order terms in asymptotic expansions of bias. Economics Letters. 79(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(02)00299-9
Byaro, M., Nkonoki, J. & Mayaya, H. (2021). The contribution of trade openness to health outcomes in sub-Saharan African countries: A dynamic panel analysis. Research in Globalization. 3, 100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100067
Boyer,F. & Guénard, C. (2014). Sous-employés, chômeurs ou entrepreneurs : les jeunes face à l’emploi, Dans Autrepart 2014/3 (N° 71), 1(3), 3-31
Bolduc, D., & Ayoub, A. (2000). La mondialisation et ses effets: revue de la littérature. GREEN, Département d'économique, Université Laval.
Das, R.C. & Ray, K. (2020). Does Globalisation Influence Employment? Empirical Investigation on Individual as well as Panel of South Asian Countries. Review of Market Integration. 12(1-2), 7–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974929220969222
Debauche, É., Dubois, É. & Leblanc, P. (2011). The crisis: what lasting consequences for growth, employment and public finances? Revue d’economie financiere. 103(3), 41–58.
Farag, M., Nandakumar, A.K., Wallack, S., Hodgkin, D., Gaumer, G. & Erbil, C. (2013). Health expenditures, health outcomes and the role of good governance. International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics. 13(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10754-012-9120-3
Filmer, D. & Pritchett, L. (1999). The impact of public spending on health: does money matter? Social Science & Medicine. 49, 1309–1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00150-1
Gjerdingen, D., McGovern, P., Bekker, M., Lundberg, U. & Willemsen, T. (2001). Women’s Work Roles and Their Impact on Health, Well-Being, and Career: Comparisons Between the United States, Sweden, and The Netherlands. Women & Health. 31(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v31n04_01
Golkhandan, A. (2017). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Health in Developing Countries. Health Research Journal. 2(4), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.29252/hrjbaq.2.4.235
Harcourt, W. (2001). Women’s Health, Poverty and Globalization. Development. 44(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1110219
Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. & Perraton, J. (2000). Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture, in: Pierson, C., Tormey, S. (Eds.), Politics at the Edge: The PSA Yearbook 1999, Political Studies Association Yearbook Series. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, pp. 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333981689_2
Kamal, N., Curtis, S., Hasan, M.S. & Jamil, K. (2016). Trends in equity in use of maternal health services in urban and rural Bangladesh. International Journal for Equity in Health. 15(1), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0311-2
Kaur, P. (2018). Impact of globalization on women. Global Journal of Commerce and Management Perspective. 7(2), 41-44. . https://doi.org/10.24105/gjcmp.7.2.1807
Kumar, V. (2003). A Critical Methodology of Globalization: Politics of the 21st Century? Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies.10(2), 87–111. https://doi.org/10.1353/gls.2003.0017
Lee, H.-H., Lee, S.A., Lim, J.-Y. & Park, C.-Y. (2016). Effects of food price inflation on infant and child mortality in developing countries. Eur J Health Econ. 17(5), 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-015-0697-6
Mallavarapu, S. (2007). Globalization and the Cultural Grammar of ‘Great Power’ Aspiration. International Studies. 44(2), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/002088170704400201
Markovits, Y., Boer, D. & van Dick, R. (2014). Economic crisis and the employee: The effects of economic crisis on employee job satisfaction, commitment, and self-regulation. European Management Journal. 32(3), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.09.005
Matthews, Z., Channon, A., Neal, S., Osrin, D., Madise, N. & Stones, W. (2010). Examining the “Urban Advantage” in Maternal Health Care in Developing Countries. PLoS medicine, 7(9), e1000327.. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000327
Moucheraud, C., Worku, A., Molla, M., Finlay, J.E., Leaning, J. &Yamin, A.E. (2015). Consequences of maternal mortality on infant and child survival: a 25-year longitudinal analysis in Butajira Ethiopia (1987-2011). Reproductive Health. 12(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-12-S1-S4
Nagel, K., Herzer, D. & Nunnenkamp, P. (2015a/201b). How Does FDI Affect Health? International Economic Journal. 29(4), 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2015.1103772
Nwankwo, C. (2018). The Effects of Public Health Spending on Maternal Mortality in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable. 9(20), 2222–2855.
Oberlander, L., Disdier, A. & Etilé, F. (2017). Globalisation and national trends in nutrition and health: A grouped fixed?effects approach to intercountry heterogeneity. Health economics. 26(9), 1146–1161. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3521
Okafor, J. & Oseghale, I. (2019). Foreign Direct Investment and the Performance of Health Outcomes in Nigeria, Amity Journal of Healthcare Management. Amity Journal of Healthcare Management. 4(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24593.58721
Okeke, J. U., & Okeke, E. N. (2016). Least squares dummy variable in determination of dynamic panel model parameters. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 1(6), 77-81. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2016.1.6.197
OECD (2020). Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Health Sector Aid Statistics. Base extracted in 2020
Osano, H.M. & Koine, P.W. (2016). Role of foreign direct investment on technology transfer and economic growth in Kenya: a case of the energy sector. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 5 (1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-016-0059-3
Ozili, P.K. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and Economic Crisis: The Nigerian Experience and Structural Causes (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 3567419). Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY.
Parida, J. (2011). Globalisation And Its Impact On Women An Assessment. The Indian Journal of Political Science. 72(2), 429–435. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42761428
Phelps, C.E. (1995). Perspectives in health economics. Health Economics. 4(5), 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4730040501
Rana, R.H., Alam, K. & Gow, J. (2018). Health expenditure, child and maternal mortality nexus: a comparative global analysis. BMC International Health and Human Rights. 18(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-018-0167-1
Richards, D.L. & Gelleny, R. (2007). Women’s Status and Economic Globalization. International Studies Quarterly. 51(4), 855–876. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00480.x
Sangappa, J. & Kavle, L. (2010). Gender Discrimination: Women’s Work and Autonomy. The Indian Journal of Political Science. 71(2), 425–437. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42753706
Siddique, F.K., Hasan, K.B.M.R., Chowdhury, S., Rahman, M., Raisa, T.S. & Zayed, N.M., (2021). The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Public Health: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business. 8(4), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no4.0083
Spilerman, S. (2009). How Globalization Has Impacted Labour: A Review Essay. European Sociological Review. 25(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn056
Waldron, I. (1980). Employment and Women’s Health: An Analysis of Causal Relationships. International journal of health services. 10(3), 435–454. https://doi.org/10.2190/8QQ5-KR69-627U-61M6
Wamala Andersson, S., Kawachi, I. (2009). Globalization and Women’s Health. Globalization and Health. Globalization and health, 171-13. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172997.003.0010
Wang, G. (2014). The Impact of Social and Economic Indicators on Maternal and Child Health. Social Indicators Research 116(3), 935–957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0330-y
WHO (2008). Empowerment and gender equality: essential goals to save women's lives [WWW Document]. WHO? URL https://www.who.int/gender/documents/women_and_girls/who_fch_gwh_082/fr/ (accessed 11.25.20).
WHO (2014). World Health Organization, Health in the African Region Report 2014.
WHO (2018). World Health Organization, Health status in the WHO African Region: Analysis of health status, services, and systems in the context of sustainable development goals.
WDI (2021). World development indicator database 2021.
Authors
Copyright (c) 2022 kossi Ayenagbo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
IJSSER is committed to an open-access model for publishing, ensuring that all of its content is freely available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) 4.0. This policy empowers researchers, academicians, and the general public to freely download, copy, print, and access the links to the full texts of published materials at no cost. Furthermore, authors are encouraged to read, distribute, and submit the published works to their institution's library and any other appropriate repositories.
Article Details
How to Cite
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- kossi Ayenagbo, Empirical Analysis Of The Effect Of Foreign Direct Investment On Health Status In Sub-Saharan Africa: What Role For Governance? , Innovation Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review: Vol. 4 No. 3 (2022)