How Good Is Entrepreneurs' Optimism For Creative Performance? Role Of Entrepreneurs' Experience And Environmental Dynamics
Article Sidebar
-
Entrepreneur Optimism, Creative Performance, Entrepreneurs' Experience, Environmental Dynamics, Social Cognitive Theory
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between entrepreneurs’ dispositional optimism and the creative performance of their new ventures. While optimism is generally regarded as a positive entrepreneurial trait, this research explores whether excessive optimism may, under certain conditions, undermine creative outcomes. Drawing on social cognitive theory, the study surveyed 1,000 new ventures across Pakistan using a stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected from 231 top-level founding entrepreneurs using validated psychometric scales. Hierarchical regression and interaction analyses were conducted to examine the direct and moderated effects of optimism on creative performance. Results reveal a significant negative association between high levels of dispositional optimism and creative performance. This effect is intensified by two moderating variables: prior entrepreneurial experience and environmental dynamism. Specifically, optimism has the most detrimental impact on creativity among experienced entrepreneurs operating in highly dynamic industry environments. A three-way interaction analysis confirmed that these contextual factors amplify the adverse consequences of excessive optimism. Although optimism is often considered a vital entrepreneurial trait, this study demonstrates that its effects on creativity are not universally positive. Instead, excessive optimism, when paired with experience and environmental volatility, can impair decision-making and reduce creative output. These findings highlight the importance of balancing optimism with realism in entrepreneurial settings. Educators and practitioners should promote self-regulation and metacognitive strategies to help entrepreneurs channel their optimism effectively. The study also encourages a nuanced approach to entrepreneurial training and theory, emphasizing the need to account for dispositional traits in context.
Full text article
References
Adeel, A., Batool, S., & Hung, D. K. M. (2023). Why cognitive absorption is not enough: Role of knowledge absorption capacity and technological opportunity for individual learning. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 28(2), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.21315/aamj2023.28.2.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21315/aamj2023.28.2.9
Adeel, A., Batool, S., & Madni, Z.-u.-A. (2023). Intrinsic motivation and creativity: The role of digital technology and knowledge integration ability in facilitating creativity. International Journal of Management Studies, 30(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.32890/ijms2023.30.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32890/ijms2023.30.1.1
Adeel, A., Kee, D. M. H., & Daghriri, Y. Q. (2022). Conflict side of creativity: Role of supervisory support and team affective tone in facilitating creative idea validation. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 965278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.965278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.965278
Adeel, A., Pengcheng, Z., Saleem, F., Ali, R., & Batool, S. (2019). Conflicts and creative idea endorsement: Do subordinates' political skills and implementation instrumentality matter? International Journal of Conflict Management, 30(4), 456-478. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-02-2019-0033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-02-2019-0033
Adeel, A., Sarminah, S., Jie, L., Kee, D. M. H., Daghriri, Y. Q., & Alghafes, R. A. (2023). When procrastination pays off: Role of knowledge sharing ability, autonomous motivation, and task involvement for employee creativity. Heliyon, 9(10), e19398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19398 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19398
Ahmed, A. E., Ucbasaran, D., Cacciotti, G., & Williams, T. A. (2022). Integrating psychological resilience, stress, and coping in entrepreneurship: A critical review and research agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(3), 497-538. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211046542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211046542
Alim, M. A., Tan, K.-L., Jee, T. W., Voon, B. H., Hossain, M. J., & Mia, M. U. (2022). To explain and to predict: Analysis of opportunity recognition on the relationship between personal factors, environmental factors and entrepreneurs' performance. *Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 14*(3), 345-367. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-09-2021-0475 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-09-2021-0475
Amabile, T. M., Burnside, R., & Gryskiewicz, S. S. (1995). User's guide for KEYS: Assessing the climate for creativity. Center for Creative Leadership.
Aspinwall, L. G., Sechrist, G. B., & Jones, P. R. (2005). Expect the best and prepare for the worst: Anticipatory coping and preparations for Y2K. Motivation and Emotion, 29(4), 353-384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9008-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9008-y
Åstebro, T., Jeffrey, S. A., & Adomdza, G. K. (2007). Inventor perseverance after being told to quit: The role of cognitive biases. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 20(3), 253-272. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.554
Baker, T., & Nelson, R. E. (2005). Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 329-366. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.329 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.329
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.
Barden, J. Q., & Mitchell, W. (2007). Disentangling the influences of leaders' relational embeddedness on interorganizational exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 50(6), 1440-1461. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.28225983 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.28225983
Baron, R. A. (2007). Behavioral and cognitive factors in entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs as the active element in new venture creation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1-2), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.12
Baron, R. A., Byrne, D., & Branscombe, N. R. (2006). Social psychology (11th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
Batool, S., Ibrahim, H. I., & Adeel, A. (2023). How responsible leadership pays off: Role of organizational identification and organizational culture for creative idea sharing. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2023.100057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2023.100057
Brigham, K. H., De Castro, J. O., & Shepherd, D. A. (2007). A person-organization fit model of owner-managers' cognitive style and organizational demands. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(1), 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00162.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00162.x
Brown, J. D., & Marshall, M. A. (2001). Self-esteem and emotion: Some thoughts about feelings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 575-584. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201275006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201275006
Busenitz, L. W., & Barney, J. B. (1997). Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: Biases and heuristics in strategic decision-making. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(1), 9-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(96)00003-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(96)00003-1
Buttner, E. H., & Gryskiewicz, N. (1993). Entrepreneurs' problem-solving styles: An empirical study using the Kirton adaption/innovation theory. Journal of Small Business Management, 31(1), 22-31.
Castrogiovanni, G. J. (2002). Organization task environments: Have they changed fundamentally over time? Journal of Management, 28(2), 129-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(01)00138-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(01)00138-6
Cooper, A. C., Folta, T. B., & Woo, C. (1995). Entrepreneurial information search. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(2), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)00022-M DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)00022-M
Cooper, A. C., Woo, C. Y., & Dunkelberg, W. C. (1988). Entrepreneurs' perceived chances for success. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(2), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(88)90020-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(88)90020-1
Dess, G. G., & Beard, D. W. (1984). Dimensions of organizational task environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(1), 52-73. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393080
Dosi, G., & Lovallo, D. (2000). Rational entrepreneurs or optimistic martyrs? Some considerations on technological regimes, corporate entries, and the evolutionary role of decision biases. In Innovation, organization and economic dynamics (pp. 236-263). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782541851.00015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782541851.00015
Eid, J., Meland, N. T., Matthews, M. D., & Johnsen, B. H. (2005). Dispositional optimism and self-assessed situation awareness in a Norwegian military training exercise. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100(3), 649-658. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3.649-658 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3.649-658
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550. https://doi.org/10.2307/258557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/258557
Elkhwesky, Z., Salem, I. E., Ramkissoon, H., & Castañeda-García, J.-A. (2022). A systematic and critical review of leadership styles in contemporary hospitality: A roadmap and a call for future research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(5), 1925-1958. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2021-1128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2021-1128
Forbes, D. P. (2005). Are some entrepreneurs more overconfident than others? Journal of Business Venturing, 20(5), 623-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.05.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.05.001
Fraser, S., & Greene, F. J. (2006). The effects of experience on entrepreneurial optimism and uncertainty. Economica, 73(290), 169-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2006.00488.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2006.00488.x
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.56.3.218
Gartner, J. (2005). America's manic entrepreneurs: Energy, creativity, and risk-taking propensity have made us the most successful nation in the world. You can partly thank the genes of our most inventive citizens. The American Enterprise, 16(5), 18-22.
Geers, A. L., Handley, I. M., & McLarney, A. R. (2003). Discerning the role of optimism in persuasion: The valence-enhancement hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(3), 554-565. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.554
Geers, A. L., & Lassiter, G. D. (2002). Effects of affective expectations on affective experience: The moderating role of optimism-pessimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(8), 1026-1039. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672022811002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672022811002
Greve, A., & Salaff, J. W. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00029
Hambrick, D. C. (2007). Upper echelons theory: An update. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 334-343. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24345254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24345254
Hayward, M. L., Shepherd, D. A., & Griffin, D. (2006). A hubris theory of entrepreneurship. Management Science, 52(2), 160-172. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1050.0483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1050.0483
Hiller, N. J., & Hambrick, D. C. (2005). Conceptualizing executive hubris: The role of (hyper-) core self-evaluations in strategic decision-making. Strategic Management Journal, 26(4), 297-319. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.455 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.455
Hitt, M. A., Beamish, P. W., Jackson, S. E., & Mathieu, J. E. (2007). Building theoretical and empirical bridges across levels: Multilevel research in management. Academy of Management Journal, 50(6), 1385-1399. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.28166219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.28166219
Hmieleski, K. M., & Baron, R. A. (2009). Entrepreneurs' optimism and new venture performance: A social cognitive perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 473-488. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.41330755 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.41330755
Hmieleski, K. M., & Ensley, M. D. (2007). A contextual examination of new venture performance: Entrepreneur leadership behavior, top management team heterogeneity, and environmental dynamism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(7), 865-889. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.479 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.479
House, R. J., Shane, S. A., & Herold, D. M. (1996). Rumors of the death of dispositional research are vastly exaggerated. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 203-224. https://doi.org/10.2307/258634 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/258634
Icekson, T., Roskes, M., & Moran, S. (2014). Effects of optimism on creativity under approach and avoidance motivation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 105. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00105
Ika, L., & Feeny, S. (2022). Optimism bias and World Bank project performance. The Journal of Development Studies, 58(12), 2604-2623. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2022.2102901 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2022.2102901
Keats, B. W., & Hitt, M. A. (1988). A causal model of linkages among environmental dimensions, macro organizational characteristics, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 570-598. https://doi.org/10.2307/256460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/256460
Klayman, J., & Ha, Y.-W. (1987). Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological Review, 94(2), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.2.211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.94.2.211
Li, J., Yang, D., & Hu, Z. (2022). Wuhan College Students' Self-Directed Learning and Academic Performance: Chain-Mediating Roles of Optimism and Mental Health. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 757496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.757496 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.757496
Lowe, R. A., & Ziedonis, A. A. (2006). Overoptimism and the performance of entrepreneurial firms. Management Science, 52(2), 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1050.0482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1050.0482
Luo, L., Guo, M., Huang, J., & Yang, J. (2022). Research on the effect of an entrepreneurial environment on college students' entrepreneurial self-efficacy: The mediating effect of entrepreneurial competence and moderating effect of entrepreneurial education. Sustainability, 14(11), 6744. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116744 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116744
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003
Markides, C. C., & Geroski, P. A. (2004). Fast second: How smart companies bypass radical innovation to enter and dominate new markets. John Wiley & Sons.
Markman, G. D., Phan, P. H., Balkin, D. B., & Gianiodis, P. T. (2005). Entrepreneurship and university-based technology transfer. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(2), 241-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.003
Matsunaga, M. (2022). Uncertainty management, transformational leadership, and job performance in an AI-powered organizational context. Communication Monographs, 89(1), 118-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2021.1952633 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2021.1952633
McKenzie, C. R. (1997). Underweighting alternatives and overconfidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 71(2), 141-160. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2716
Mutonyi, B. R., Slåtten, T., & Lien, G. (2020). Organizational climate and creative performance in the public sector. European Business Review, 32(4), 615-631. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-02-2019-0021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-02-2019-0021
Ozgen, E., & Baron, R. A. (2007). Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: Effects of mentors, industry networks, and professional forums. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(2), 174-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.12.001
Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C., & Cunha, M. P. e. (2012). Optimism predicting employees' creativity: The mediating role of positive affect and the positivity ratio. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21(2), 244-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.550679 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.550679
Rosenbusch, N., Rauch, A., & Bausch, A. (2013). The mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation in the task environment-performance relationship: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 39(3), 633-659. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311425612 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311425612
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063-1078. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1063
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and psychological well-being. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism & pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice(pp. 189-216). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10385-009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10385-009
Segerstrom, S. C. (2001). Optimism and attentional bias for negative and positive stimuli. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(10), 1334-1343. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672012710009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672012710009
Segerstrom, S. C., & Nes, L. S. (2006). When goals conflict but people prosper: The case of dispositional optimism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(5), 675-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.001
Sharfman, M. P., & Dean Jr, J. W. (1991). Dimensions and constructs: A response to Dess and Rasheed. Journal of Management, 17(4), 711-715. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700405
Shaver, K. G., & Scott, L. R. (1992). Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 23-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879201600204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879201600204
Shaw, A., & Choi, J. (2023). Get creative to get ahead? How personality contributes to creative performance and perceptions by supervisors at work. Acta Psychologica, 233, 103835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103835 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103835
Shrader, R. C., Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (2000). How new ventures exploit trade-offs among international risk factors: Lessons for the accelerated internationization of the 21st century. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1227-1247. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1556347
Spencer, S. M., & Norem, J. K. (1996). Reflection and distraction, defensive pessimism, strategic optimism, and performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(4), 354-365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296224003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296224003
Spirrison, C. L., & Gordy, C. C. (1993). The constructive thinking inventory and detecting errors in proofreading. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76(2), 631-634. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.2.631 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.2.631
Stephan, U., Rauch, A., & Hatak, I. (2022). Happy entrepreneurs? Everywhere? A meta-analysis of entrepreneurship and well-being. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(3), 597-626. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211072799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211072799
Sternberg, R., & Wennekers, S. (2005). Determinants and effects of new business creation using global entrepreneurship monitor data. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 193-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1974-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1974-z
Stuart, R. W., & Abetti, P. A. (1990). Impact of entrepreneurial and management experience on early performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(3), 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(90)90029-S DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(90)90029-S
Terkamo-Moisio, A., Karki, S., Kangasniemi, M., Lammintakanen, J., & Häggman-Laitila, A. (2022). Towards remote leadership in health care: Lessons learned from an integrative review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(3), 595-608. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15028
Toft-Kehler, R., Wennberg, K., & Kim, P. H. (2014). Practice makes perfect: Entrepreneurial-experience curves and venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(4), 453-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.001
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., Wright, M., & Flores, M. (2010). The nature of entrepreneurial experience, business failure, and comparative optimism. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(6), 541-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.04.001
Usán, P., Salavera, C., & Quílez-Robres, A. (2022). Self-efficacy, optimism, and academic performance as psychoeducational variables: Mediation approach in students. Children, 9(3), 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030420 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030420
Waldman, D. A., Ramirez, G. G., House, R. J., & Puranam, P. (2001). Does leadership matter? CEO leadership attributes and profitability under conditions of perceived environmental uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069341 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3069341
Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 361-384. https://doi.org/10.2307/258173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/258173
Wright, M., Hmieleski, K. M., Siegel, D. S., & Ensley, M. D. (2007). The role of human capital in technological entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(6), 791-806. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00202.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00202.x
Wright, M., Robbie, K., & Ennew, C. (1997). Venture capitalists and serial entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(3), 227-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(96)06115-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(96)06115-0
Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace: The impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307305562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307305562
Zhang, P., Jiang, M., Adeel, A., & Yaseen, A. (2018). The effects of social relationships and the justice environment on creative idea endorsement. IEEE Access, 6, 44340-44350. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2840099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2840099
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265
Authors
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Adeel , Samreen Batool
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright / Open Access Policy
This journal provides immediate and free open access to all its content and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This means readers are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author, as long as proper attribution is given. This policy is consistent with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access.